A new report conducted by Aggregate Industries has laid bare the true cost and impact that coastal erosion is going to have on the UK.
As we are becoming increasingly aware of, coastal erosion is a significant environmental challenge that demands immediate attention and action. The UK’s varied geological formations, coupled with historical erosion trends, make this threat both unique and pressing.
The implications of coastal erosion are far-reaching, affecting geological stability, sociodemographic dynamics, economic stability, property values, leisure and tourism industries, infrastructure, and heritage sites.
The economic value of coastal areas, including their role in tourism, agriculture, and fisheries, is at risk. Previously, it had been estimated that coastal erosion would cost the UK economy £12 billion. Following this research, we put this number much higher.
The threat of coastal erosion is not only reshaping the physical landscape but also impacting the socio-economic fabric of coastal communities. Key statistics that highlight the magnitude of this challenge include:
- 1,600km of major roads, 650km of railway line, 92 railway stations, and 55 historic landfill sites at risk
- 1.35 million properties, worth an estimated value of £584 million, at potential risk from inundation by 2100
- Approximately 9,000 properties in England and over 93,000 residential and commercial properties in Scotland at risk of coastal erosion by 2025
- 550 hectares of higher-quality agricultural land projected to be at risk from coastal erosion by 2100.
The future of coastal management in the UK is laden with challenges, but it also presents opportunities. The increasing threat of climate change necessitates innovative, flexible, and integrated approaches to coastal management.
Here’s how Aggregate Industries are tackling the coastal erosion problem right now and, later, we will analyse four key solutions in-depth…
Case study: Minehead Emergency Sea Defence Project
Aggregate Industries returned to one of Somerset’s beaches to provide an emergency supply of 14,500 tonnes of armourstone to help boost its sea defences ahead of winter in a record six-week turnaround.
In response to the imminent threat posed by sea erosion to the sea wall near Blue Anchor Beach, an emergency project led by the Environment Agency was initiated to carry out vital repairs.
The goal was to safeguard the existing sea wall and protect up to 800 nearby properties from potential flooding. Building on the success of a previous £3.8 million scheme completed in September 2023, where Aggregate Industries supplied armourstone for the protection of the B3191 road, the Environment Agency enlisted Kier as the main contractor. Once again, Aggregate Industries played a crucial role by supplying 13,500 tonnes of armourstone, sourced directly from the Glensanda super quarry in Scotland, and implementing an innovative water-based transportation approach to meet tight schedules and minimise environmental impact.
Nick Gilbert, Business Development Manager at Aggregate Industries, said:
“This was no mean feat, requiring us to effectively deliver on a job that would usually take a six-month lead time in just six weeks. However, through our dynamic experience in this area, along with our unique capabilities, such as having our own sea barge and a vast amount of ‘rock on stock’, we were able to pull it off.”
How Aggregate Industries can help
Here at Aggregate Industries, we have an array of Sea and Flood Defence aggregate solutions that are well-suited to cater to the evolving requirements in a world where rising sea levels are an increasing concern.
Here are four primary products that are already making a significant impact around the UK:
Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS)
SuDS, or Sustainable Drainage Systems, presents an innovative and eco-conscious approach to managing surface water runoff in urban and rural areas. Departing from conventional systems that swiftly channel water away, SuDS prioritise sustainability by replicating natural processes to reduce flooding, enhance water quality, and foster biodiversity. These systems incorporate various techniques like permeable surfaces, green roofs, swales, detention basins, and infiltration devices, allowing rainwater absorption or slowdown. SuDS not only mitigate flooding risks but also act as natural filters, removing pollutants and improving water quality before reaching water bodies, thereby demonstrating a commitment to sustainable, environmentally friendly drainage solutions.
Hydromedia
Hydromedia is an advanced porous concrete solution designed to address urban water management challenges and promote sustainable development. Composed of a specialised mix of aggregates, cement, and water-permeable additives, Hydromedia facilitates rapid water drainage, reducing surface runoff and minimising the risk of flooding. Its porous nature allows rainwater to infiltrate the surface, replenishing groundwater and preventing the strain on traditional drainage systems. Beyond its functionality, Hydromedia also contributes to improved water quality by filtering out impurities as water permeates through the concrete.
SuperDrain Asphalt
SuperDrain Asphalt stands as an innovative and sustainable solution which addresses crucial issues in water management and urban resilience. This specialised asphalt product is engineered with advanced permeability features, allowing it to efficiently manage surface water runoff in urban areas. Unlike traditional asphalt surfaces, SuperDrain facilitates rapid water infiltration, reducing the risk of flooding and minimising strain on conventional drainage systems. Its unique composition promotes groundwater recharge and helps maintain water quality by filtering impurities as water passes through the asphalt.
Armourstone
Armourstone stands as a robust and versatile solution for coastal protection and erosion control. This specialised material, typically large, durable stones, serves as a protective barrier against the forces of nature, preventing erosion and safeguarding coastal infrastructure. Deployed strategically, Armourstone absorbs wave energy, mitigates the impact of storms, and provides long-lasting stability to shorelines. Beyond its formidable protective qualities, Armourstone enhances the aesthetic appeal of coastal areas, seamlessly blending functionality with natural beauty.
Erosion Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies
The UK’s approach to managing coastal erosion involves a combination of mitigation and adaptation strategies. These strategies range from hard engineering solutions to softer, more sustainable approaches, each tailored to the specific needs of the affected areas.
Hard engineering solutions
- Beach nourishment – Beach nourishment involves adding large quantities of sand or gravel to eroding beaches. This method replenishes beach material lost to erosion, acting as a buffer against wave action. While effective in the short term, it requires regular maintenance and replenishment, making it a costly option over time. The ongoing loss of beaches and coastal habitats due to sea level rise and sediment disruption highlights the importance of this method.
- Seawalls, revetments, groynes and breakwaters – These structures are designed to absorb or deflect wave energy, protecting the coastline behind them. Seawalls and revetments provide a barrier against wave action, while groynes and breakwaters interrupt wave patterns and reduce erosion. Each of these structures has its specific applications and considerations, including environmental impact and long-term maintenance requirements. The necessity for such structures is emphasised by the fact that nearly 9 per cent of the best-quality agricultural land in the UK is at high risk of coastal flooding.
- Relocation of buildings and infrastructure – In areas where erosion poses a significant threat, the strategic relocation of buildings and infrastructure away from vulnerable areas is considered. This approach, often referred to as ‘managed retreat,’ is seen as a sustainable long-term solution to the challenges posed by an eroding coastline. It involves careful planning and community engagement to ensure minimal disruption and effective use of land resources. This strategy becomes increasingly relevant as projections indicate that the number of residential properties at risk from coastal erosion could increase to between 1,980 and 4,150 by 2110.
Soft engineering and natural solutions
- Planting native vegetation and dune construction – Stabilising the soil and sand through the planting of native vegetation and the construction of dunes provides a natural barrier against erosion. This approach not only helps in reducing erosion but also enhances the ecological value of the coastal area, supporting biodiversity and providing habitats for wildlife. The importance of this method is underscored by the threats to natural coastal habitats from coastal squeeze and sea level rise.
- Breakwater islands – Constructed offshore, breakwater islands reduce the intensity of wave action reaching the shore. These structures can be effective in protecting coastlines, especially in combination with other erosion control measures. They also create new habitats for marine life, contributing to the ecological diversity of the area. Their role is highlighted by the risks to major industry and infrastructure, with approximately 1,600 kilometres of major roads and 650 kilometres of railway at risk from coastal erosion and flooding.
- Coastal monitoring and early warning systems – Advanced monitoring systems are crucial for tracking erosion patterns and providing early warnings for at-risk areas. These systems enable proactive management and timely responses to erosion events, minimising damage and ensuring public safety. The significance of these systems is evident considering the steepening occurring at 61% of coastal locations in England and Wales.
- Protection and restoration of wetlands – Wetlands serve as natural buffers against coastal erosion. Their protection and restoration are key components of a holistic approach to coastal management, providing both ecological and erosion control benefits. Wetlands absorb wave energy, reduce the impact of storm surges, and support a wide range of biodiversity.
There is an urgent need for robust, adaptive policies that consider the long-term impacts of coastal erosion. Investment in sustainable coastal defence measures and support for affected communities is crucial.
Policymakers must prioritise the integration of coastal erosion risks into land-use planning and infrastructure development.
Local communities should be actively involved in coastal management strategies via awareness programmes and community-led initiatives that can foster resilience and adaptive capacity.
Industries, particularly those reliant on coastal resources, must adopt sustainable practices and contribute to coastal defence and restoration efforts. The tourism and estate agency sectors should particularly heed the risks and opportunities presented by coastal changes.