A fragmented vote distribution

As expected, turnout was much higher than normal, with one notable exception.

A broader section of electors participating on 4 July may explain the fact that among the local seats changing hands there were many combinations of victor and vanquished.

It is also worth remarking upon some similarities between last May’s local elections and the general election.

Our estimate of the ‘national equivalent vote’, based on voting in May, put Labour ahead but on just 34 per cent, with the Conservatives on 27 per cent. 

The Liberal Democrats were on 16 per cent with the Greens, Reform, Independents and small local parties combined receiving 23 per cent. 

The general election saw Labour with 35 per cent, the Conservatives on 24 per cent and Liberal Democrats on 13 per cent. The votes for ‘others’ reached 28 per cent, with Reform alone polling 15 per cent. 

Labour’s landslide majority was achieved on a historically low vote for a winning party.

Both elections produced a highly fragmented vote distribution, with large numbers of voters preferring alternatives to the two main parties, whose combined vote share of just 59 per cent establishes a new benchmark.

There was little evidence in by-elections before the 4 July vote of the changes to come for the Conservatives. 

The party gained a seat from Independent in Rhiwcynon, Powys, where eight candidates contested the vacancy, similar to the average of seven candidates that would stand at the general election. 

A loss to Labour in Mansfield’s West Bank ward produced a 14-point fall in the Conservative vote but, with the parliamentary election due just days later, only a fifth of the electorate turned out.

Conservative fears of Reform UK eating into their support proved to be well founded.  They lost East Riding of Yorkshire’s South East Holderness ward to Reform but managed, by just 124 votes, to hold on to the Beverley and Holderness parliamentary seat. 

Although Labour was successful in Gosport’s Conservative-defended Grange and Alver Valley ward – albeit on a relatively low 43 per cent turnout – it could not repeat the feat in the Gosport parliamentary seat, despite a 26-point decline in the incumbent party’s vote share.

The Liberal Democrats won their highest number of parliamentary seats and were optimistic of their chances of unseating the Conservatives in Runnymede and Weybridge. 

But the task remained beyond them, losing Elmbridge’s Cobham and Downside ward into the bargain. 

The Greens won four seats at the general election, including retaining their Brighton Pavilion seat. Although not in that constituency, the party also gained Brighton & Hove’s Brunswick & Adelaide ward from Labour.

Another Green gain from Labour took place in Lancaster’s University ward.

Neither the local authority nor the ward are strangers to by-elections. Lancaster has now conducted 66 by-elections since the mid-1980s, while the University ward, whose electorate mostly comprises students, has been responsible for five of those. 

Doubtless, many of those students had left the campus with exams over but a 5.4 per cent turnout on the same day as a general election does suggest a lack of engagement. 

Before readers write in and ask, the record low turnout of 5.3 per cent still remains with Wigan’s Ashton ward.

There were two further defeats for Labour – one delivered by the Liberal Democrats, another by the Conservatives. In Preston, it lost the Lea and Larches ward to the Liberal Democrats, watching its vote share collapse by 31 percentage points.

The Conservative victory in South Derbyshire’s Hatton ward had little to do with its own performance and relied upon the Liberal Democrats squeezing both main parties but especially Labour. 

This outcome needs to be set alongside Labour’s success, by just 350 votes, in capturing the Derbyshire Dales parliamentary constituency – which includes the Hatton ward – from the Conservatives.

Basildon South and East Thurrock was one of the last parliamentary seats to declare, eventually resulting in a fifth seat for Reform UK who edged out Labour by just 98 votes as the Conservatives fell to third place.

Much of Essex’s Pitsea division is located within the parliamentary boundary and so Labour’s victory here would have helped its cause but turnout of just 41 per cent was 12 points lower than recorded for the parliamentary seat.

By-elections
Barnet, Barnet Vale
LAB HELD
4.9% over Con
Turnout 65.9%
Elmbridge, Cobham and Downside
CON GAIN FROM LIB DEM
11.9% over Lib Dem
Turnout 62.0%
Essex, Basildon Pitsea
LAB GAIN FROM CON
11.8% over Con
Turnout 41.2%
Fenland, Whittlesey South
CON HELD
7.0% over Ind
Turnout 58.2%
Greenwich, Mottingham, Coldharbour and New Eltham
CON HELD
8.9% over Lab
Turnout 27.3%
Gosport, Grange and Alver Valley
LAB GAIN FROM CON
5.7% over Con
Turnout 43.0%
Hackney, Cazenove
LAB HELD
2.6% over Con
Turnout 52.2%
Turnout 29.6%
Hackney, Hoxton West
LAB HELD
46.7% over Green
Turnout 13.9%
Haringey, Hornsey
LAB HELD
26.8% over Green
Turnout 64.6%
Hounslow, Hanworth Village
LAB HELD
17.1% over Con
Turnout 45.3%
Kingston Upon Thames, Hook and Chessington North
LIB DEM HELD
20.6% over Con
Turnout 60.0%
Lambeth, Streatham Common and Vale
LAB HELD
24.1% over Green
Turnout 50.3%
Lancaster, University
GREEN GAIN FROM LAB
6.1% over Lab
Turnout 5.4%
Lewisham, Blackheath
LAB HELD
22.0% over Green
Turnout 60.1%
Liverpool, Broadgreen
LAB HELD
22.8% over Lib Dem
Turnout 59.0%
Liverpool, Clubmoor East
LAB HELD
69.4% over Green
Turnout 47.0%
Liverpool, Fazakerley North
LAB HELD
59.4% over Liverpool Community Independents
Turnout 56.0%
Mansfield, West Bank
LAB GAIN FROM CON
6.1% over Mans Ind
Turnout 20.0%
Merton, St Helier
LAB HELD
25.5% over Green
Turnout 51.6%
Middlesbrough, Acklam
LAB HELD
7.9% over Lib Dem
Turnout 61.8%
Middlesbrough, Central
LAB HELD
42.4% over Con
Turnout 34.4%
Mid Devon, Tiverton Westexe
LIB DEM HELD
19.3% over Con
Turnout 19.4%
Newcastle-Under-Lyme, Madeley and Betley
2 CON HELD
3.2% over Ind
Turnout 71.5%
Newham, Forest Gate North
LAB HELD
16.8% over Newham Ind
Turnout 53.0%
Newham, Maryland
LAB HELD
19.3% over Newham Ind
Turnout 41.0%
North Lincolnshire, Axholme North
CON HELD
38.9% over Lab
Turnout 20.7%
North Lincolnshire, Brumby
LAB HELD
32.1% over Con
Turnout 11.9%
North Norfolk, North Walsham East
LIB DEM HELD
11.5% over Con
Turnout 55.4%
Oxfordshire, Sutton Courtenay and Marcham
LIB DEM HELD
2.4% over Con
Turnout 20.0%
Powys, Rhiwcynon
CON GAIN FROM IND
7.5% over Plaid Cymru
Turnout 50.4%
Preston, Lea and Larches
LIB DEM GAIN FROM LAB
4.3% over Lab
Turnout 48.8%
Ribble Valley, St Mary’s
LAB GAIN FROM LIB DEM
0.8% over Con
Turnout 72.9%
Sefton, Linacre
LAB HELD
68.1% over Workers Party
Turnout 32.3%
Sefton, St. Oswald
LAB HELD
71.9% over Con
Turnout 13.1%
South Derbyshire, Hatton
CON GAIN FROM LAB
9.2% over Lab
Turnout 50.6%
South Gloucestershire, Kingswood
LAB HELD
32.2% over Con
Turnout 53.9%
Southend-On-Sea, Kursaal
LAB HELD
31.5% over Con
Turnout 45.0%
South Tyneside, Primrose
IND HELD
15.6% over Lab
Turnout 23.3%
Southwark, Faraday
LAB HELD
33.1% over Green
Turnout 44.7%
Southwark, Rye Lane
LAB HELD
21.3% over Green
Turnout 53.9%
Spelthorne, Ashford East
CON GAIN FROM IND
2.9% over Ind
Turnout 58.8%
St Helens, Windle
LAB HELD
31.8% over Green
Turnout 56.0%
Suffolk, Pakefield
LAB GAIN FROM CON
5.7% over Con
Turnout 57.8%
Telford & Wrekin, The Nedge
LAB HELD
28.4% over Con
Turnout 21.5%
Three Rivers, Rickmansworth Town
CON HELD
9.3% over Lib Dem
Turnout 68.4%
Tonbridge and Malling, Judd
GREEN HELD
39.2% over Con
Turnout 68.9%
Torbay, Wellswood
CON HELD
0.4% over Lib Dem
Turnout 38.4%
Vale Of White Horse, Sutton Courtenay
LIB DEM HELD
1.8% over Green
Turnout 20.0%
Westminster, Abbey Road
CON HELD
12.1% over Lab
Turnout 52.2%
Winchester, St Michael
LIB DEM HELD
22.3% over Con
Turnout 73.4%
Wirral, Liscard
LAB HELD
44.7% over Green
Turnout 51.9%
York, Hull Road
LAB HELD
6.2% over Lib Dem
Turnout 35.5%
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